When the government enacted PP No. 45/2025 in late September, it was framed as a milestone in the country’s long-standing battle to regain control over forest areas misused by private interests. The regulation introduces a new penalty scheme: any plantation—especially palm oil—operating within state-designated forest zones without a permit will be fined Rp 25 million per hectare per year, retroactively calculated based on the years of operation. To subscribe please click here
